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James (Joseph) Hanley (3 September 1897 – 11 November 1985) was a British novelist, short story writer, and playwright of Irish descent. Hanley published his first novel ''Drift'' in 1930 and in the 1930s and 1940s he wrote a number of novels and short stories about seamen and their families. This included ''Boy'' (1931), which was the subject of a notorious obscenity trail. Hanley came from a family of seamen and spent two years at sea himself. But after World War II there was less emphasis on the sea in his works. While he was frequently praised by the critics, Hanley's novels did not sell well and in the late 1950s, 1960s, and early 1970s he wrote plays, mainly for the BBC, first for radio and then for television, but also for the theatre. Hanley returned to the novel in the 1970s and his last novel, ''A Kingdom'', was published in 1978, when he was eighty. ==Biography== Born in Kirkdale, Liverpool, Lancashire, in 1897 (not Dublin, nor 1901 as he generally implied) to a working class family. Both his parents were, on the other hand, born in Ireland, his father Edward Hanley around 1865, in Dublin, and his mother, Bridget Roache, in Queenstown, County Cork, around 1867. However, both were "well established in Liverpool by 1891", when they were married. Hanley's father worked most of his life as a stoker, particularly on Cunard liners, and other relatives had also gone to sea.〔Gostick, "Extra Material", pp.182-3.〕 James also grew up living close to the docks. He left school in the summer of 1910 and worked for four years in an accountants' office. Then early in 1915, aged 17 he went to sea for the first time (not 13 as he again implied).〔An important biographical source is Chris Gostick's "Extra Material on James Hanley's ''Boy''", in the OneWorld Classics edition of ''Boy'' (2007), pp. 181-4.〕 Thus life at sea was a formative influence and much of his early writing is about seamen.〔John Fordham, ''James Hanley: Modernism and the Working Class'' (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2002), p.23.〕 Then, in April 1917, Hanley jumped ship in Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada, and shortly thereafter joined the Canadian Army in Fredericton, New Brunswick. Hanley fought in France in the summer of 1918, but was invalided out shortly thereafter. After the war he worked as a railway porter in Bootle and he devoted himself "to a prodiguous range of autodidactic, high cultural activities – learning the piano, regularly attending () concerts () reading voraciously and, above all, writing."〔John Fordham, p.94.〕 However, it was not until 1930 that his novel ''Drift'' was accepted.〔Gostick, pp185-6.〕 Hanley moved from Liverpool to near Corwen, North Wales in 1931, where he met Dorothy Enid "Timothy" Thomas, neé Heathcote, a descendant of Lincolnshire nobility. They lived together and had a child, Liam Powys Hanley, in 1933, but did not marry until 1947.〔Gostick, pp.187-8.〕〔Fordham, pp.139, 266 fn18.〕 As World War II was approaching, in July 1939, Hanley moved to London, to write documentaries and plays for the BBC,〔Fordham, pp.161-62.〕 but he moved back to Wales, to Llanfechain, the other side of the Berwyn Mountains from Corwen, in the early years of the war, where he remained until 1963, when the Hanleys moved to North London, close to their son Liam.〔Gostick, pp.189-90,192, and Fordham, pp. 225-26〕 Hanley published an autobiographical work, ''Broken Water: An Autobiographical Excursion'' in 1937, and while this generally presents a true overall picture of his life, it is seriously flawed, incomplete and inaccurate. Chris Gostick describes it as "a teasing palimpsest of truth and imagination".〔Gostick, p.181. Fordham and Gostick are the most reliable biographical sources.〕 Hanley's brother was the novelist Gerald Hanley and his nephew the American novelist and playwright William Hanley. James Hanley's wife also published three novels, as Timothy Hanley. She died in 1980. James Hanley himself died in 1985. He was buried in Llanfechain, Wales.〔Gostick, p.193.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「James Hanley (novelist)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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